This study examines the trajectory of cybersecurity in Algeria from a perspective that goes beyond the traditional approach of limiting it to combating cybercrime, and instead considers it within the broader context of digital transformation and increasing dependence on networks. Greater digitalization simultaneously enhances institutional efficiency and increases exposure to cyber threats. Accordingly, the study focuses on the evolution of the concepts of cybersecurity and cybercrime, the Algerian legal and institutional framework, prevention, investigation, and response mechanisms, and the transformations introduced by the National Information Systems Security Strategy for 2025–2029. The study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach, complemented by an Algerian case study, drawing on national legislation, official documents, and relevant international standards. The findings show that Algeria has accumulated important elements of a national cybersecurity architecture, particularly in the legal, regulatory, and institutional domains. However, the transition toward sustainable cyber resilience remains dependent on strengthening technical capabilities, developing human capital, expanding research and innovation, consolidating a cybersecurity culture, and improving national and international cooperation. International indicators also suggest that Algeria’s relative strength in the legal domain is accompanied by areas requiring further development, particularly technical and organizational capabilities, capacity building, and cooperation.