Water scarcity, climate variability, population growth, environmental degradation, and rising food demand increasingly threaten the capacity of countries to secure reliable water supplies and sustainable food production. These interconnected challenges are particularly significant in arid and semi-arid regions, where agricultural activity depends heavily on limited and increasingly uncertain water resources. This study examines the role of modern technologies in strengthening water and food security through an analytical review of selected leading international experiences. It first clarifies the concepts of modern technology, water security, and food security and then analyzes technological applications that support the rational and sustainable management of water resources and agricultural development. The study employs a descriptive–analytical approach based on conceptual literature, documentary evidence, and comparative examination of international practices. The analysis covers weather-modification and drought-management technologies, wastewater treatment and reuse, seawater desalination, evaporation-control techniques, water-efficient irrigation, and other innovations designed to increase water availability or reduce water losses. The findings indicate that modern technologies can contribute substantially to water sustainability by diversifying supply, improving resource efficiency, enabling the reuse of non-conventional water sources, and strengthening agricultural resilience. Their contribution to food security arises primarily through more reliable irrigation, improved water productivity, reduced exposure to drought, and greater continuity of agricultural production. However, technology alone cannot ensure sustainable outcomes. Its effectiveness depends on institutional capacity, appropriate regulation, financing, technical expertise, maintenance, environmental assessment, and adaptation to local conditions. The study concludes that developing countries, particularly those in North Africa, should incorporate appropriate technologies into integrated water and agricultural policies while strengthening research capacity, regional cooperation, technology transfer, and human-resource development.