Academic Journal of Education and Social Sciences
Academic Journal of Education and Social Sciences (AJESS) is an international peer-reviewed journal that brings together original academic studies in the fields of education and social sciences. Our journal aims to strengthen the research ecosystem of faculties of education while offering an integrated perspective with social sciences. Focusing on the intersection of education sciences with disciplines such as psychology, sociology, history, philosophy, anthropology, and communication, AJESS publishes both theoretical and applied research. With an interdisciplinary approach, we prioritize studies that examine the individual, societal, and cultural dimensions of education. AJESS has adopted the continuous publication model, whereby manuscripts are published promptly upon completion of the peer-review and editorial processes without waiting for a scheduled issue. The journal is indexed in a wide range of national and international databases and is actively continuing its application and preparation processes for inclusion in prestigious indexing services such as Web of Science, Scopus, and TR Dizin. The journal covers studies in the following core areas: Education Sciences: Teaching methods, curriculum development, teacher training, learning psychology, educational technologies, equity in education, and assessment approaches. Social Sciences and Education Interaction: The influence of social theories on education, the impact of social structures on educational processes, educational policies, and cultural transformations. Interdisciplinary Studies: The intersection of education with artificial intelligence, media and education, ethics in education, and other innovative topics. AJESS is committed to hosting high-quality, ethically sound, and innovative research, fostering academic development in the fields of education and social sciences.
All published content is protected under the the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) 4.0. License.
The effect of hidden spatial bias "implicit evaluative localization" in the evaluation of employee performance in human resource management - a sociological approach
- Objective of the study: It seeks to highlight the effect of hidden spatial bias "implicit evaluative localization" As a new original concept in urban sociology and human resource management, this concept describes the hidden, overt mechanism used by human resource management to evaluate employee performance, and the study focuses on how a factor’s geographic location and socio-spatial status can change formal and informal job evaluation criteria, sometimes losing their objectivity. In human resource management assessments, and the extent to which this bias plays a role in perpetuating and reproducing urban segregation. - Curriculum: The study adopted a descriptive, analytical and comparative approach, employing multiple tools that combine theoretical sociological analysis with a review of critical literature in the fields of urban sociology and human resource management, as well as documentary analysis of reports of relevant international organizations. - Importance: This study acquires its importance from the fact that it establishes a complex field of knowledge linking urban sociology and the science of human resource management. in the near absence of specialized Arabic studies in urban sociology in Algeria or another Arab country that address hidden spatial bias "implicit evaluative localization" as an independent variable influencing organizational justice. - Research Tools: This study relied on content analysis and a critical approach to organizational discourse, investing the theoretical frameworks of Pierre Bourdieu (spatial capital, and habitus) and Henry Le Lefebvre (space production) to identify the theoretical gap that the new concept fills. - Key question: How does the hidden spatial bias" implicit valuation localization "in urban settings reshape their human resource performance appraisal system and what mechanisms perpetuate organizational inequality based on geo-social affiliation? - Key findings: Studies have shown that the hidden spatial bias of "implicit evaluative localization" is a hidden but effective variable in evaluating employee performance in human resources management policies, manifested in three levels: unconscious bias of resident supervisors and managers based on the employee’s address of residence, and the disparity of training and promotion opportunities according to geographical distribution, as well as the reproduction of the socio-spatial hierarchy within formal organizational structures.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Digital Pedagogy in Algeria: Between Top-Down Policy Directives and Technical Arrangements—What Gaps Exist Between Policy and Implementation?
This article critically examines the development and implementation of digital pedagogy in Algeria, with particular attention to the gap between policy ambitions and on-the-ground conditions. It considers the expansion of digital infrastructure and platforms, as well as policy initiatives, alongside persistent inequalities in access, limitations in teacher preparation, and the pedagogical challenges associated with technology-mediated learning. The analysis argues that digital technologies do not, by themselves, improve learning or reduce educational inequalities; when introduced without adequate infrastructure, training, pedagogical design, and institutional support, they may weaken foundational learning, learner engagement, and teachers’ professional agency. The article therefore calls for a shift from technology-centred digitalisation towards a coherent pedagogical strategy that places learning quality, equity, teacher development, and critical use of technology at its centre.
digital pedagogy, teaching and learning, education policy, digital technologies, Algeria
The Function of Language Use between Arabization and Multilingualism: A Comprehensive Sociolinguistic Reading of the Algerian Language Situation
This study aims to provide a comprehensive reading of the Algerian linguistic situation as a model of a multilingual society. It describes the components of the Algerian sociolinguistic map and its forms of multilingualism, particularly diglossia and bilingualism; analyzes the concept of Arabization among classical and modern scholars; proposes the model of “Arabization supported by functional multilingualism” as an alternative to unequal bilingualism; and considers comparative experiences in language and development planning. The study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach based on a desk survey and an analysis of sociolinguistic literature addressing the linguistic situation in Algeria and the Arab world. A comparative perspective is also used to consider selected international experiences in language planning. The study shows that the Algerian linguistic scene consists of four major components: Classical Arabic, vernacular Arabic, Amazigh, and French, distributed across different functional domains and forms of linguistic contact. It further shows that bilingualism involving French, unlike the internal functional differentiation between Classical Arabic and vernacular Arabic, constitutes a major challenge to the status of Classical Arabic. The study also demonstrates that neither an entirely exclusionary nor an entirely assimilationist model of Arabization adequately responds to the complexity of the contemporary Algerian linguistic situation. The most appropriate alternative is therefore Arabization supported by functional multilingualism, which strengthens Arabic internally and externally while allowing the selective use of foreign languages as complementary tools rather than alternatives to the national language. The study concludes that the advancement of Arabic in Algeria requires a flexible and integrated language-planning policy that combines the empowerment of Arabic across major institutional domains with recognition of the country's linguistic diversity and a clear distinction between complementary and competitive forms of multilingualism.
Arabization, multilingualism, diglossia, bilingualism, language planning, Algerian sociolinguistic situation
From the Collectivity to the Individual: A Sociology of Transformations in the Algerian Family
The Algerian family has faced internal and external cultural, social, economic, and ideological challenges, foremost among them French colonialism, that have sought, and continue to seek, to dismantle and fragment it. Most sociological studies, including those by Pierre Bourdieu, Addi Lahouari, Mustapha Boutefnouchet, and Mohamed Souidi, that examined the Algerian family during and after colonialism and up to the end of the nineteenth century indicate that the Algerian family underwent several changes in its structural configuration, internal relations, and social and religious values as a result of the aforementioned factors. This study examines the most significant changes affecting family structures, the factors that have contributed to these changes, and the social forms, or family patterns, resulting from them. It begins with the tribe as a social structure and the position of the traditional family within it, proceeds through transitional and modern forms of the family, and concludes with the individual as the focal point of social processes and as a historical actor, in Alain Touraine's formulation.
family; household; social structure; social transformation; individualisation.
The Role of Waqf Tourism in Developing Border Areas: The Case of Algeria and Tunisia
The Waqf has been and still is a significant source of development if invested in modern and thoughtful ways. Many Islamic and even European countries rely on Waqf properties to stimulate their economies, attract foreign currencies, provide huge revenues to the public treasury. Therefore, Waqf tourism has become an effective player in attracting money, reducing unemployment, and playing a major role in development on all levels, especially in border cities, if this type of tourism is utilized. Al-Wadi city has tourism potentials, especially religious ones, making it a destination for millions of tourists from abroad and domestically. This allows the country to find economic alternatives that can be relied upon to drive the national economy forward.
Copyright (c) 2026 Lakhdari ABDELKADER (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Translating Ideopolitical Slogans and the Dilemma of Equivalence Animal Farm translated into Arabic by Mahmud Abdelghani from the point of view of literary Criticism and Translation Studies
This paper is about the translation of George Orwell’s Animal Farm and how political allegory and social ideology could constitute a dilemma for translators, considering the language as a principal instrument of domination. Among its most striking linguistic features are the ideological slogans repeated by the animals to simplify thought, strengthen obedience, and legitimize power. Translating these slogans is therefore not a merely lexical operation; it is a critical act that requires sensitivity to literary form, ideological function, and reader response. This article examines the translation of ideological slogans in Animal Farm from the perspective of literary criticism and translation studies, with special attention to the dilemma of equivalence. It argues that the translator must negotiate between formal equivalence, which preserves the structure and verbal shape of the original and dynamic equivalence, which seeks to reproduce the slogan’s communicative force in the target language. By combining literary analysis with translation theory, the article shows that the most effective translation strategy is often a balanced one: faithful to the slogan’s ideological role, but flexible enough to preserve its impact in the target culture.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nassima Guernane et. al. (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Political Backgrounds of the French Occupation of Algeria (Apparent Causes and Hidden Motives)
France had been among the states that coveted Algeria since the Napoleonic period. Napoleon aspired to transform the western basin of the Mediterranean into a “French lake.” Throughout the Ottoman presence in Algeria, France sought to conclude agreements and treaties and to benefit from commercial privileges, eventually reaching the wheat question and the debts attached to it. These tensions led to the so-called fly-whisk incident, the naval blockade, and finally military intervention. When the circumstances of this occupation are examined, it becomes clear that most Western and Arab historians alike have affirmed that French interest in Algeria was not born in the nineteenth century. Rather, it was the outcome of a colonial political project that had matured in the minds of French kings and emperors. Its roots go back to King Louis IX of France, who formulated a project to eliminate Maghrebi corsair activity and occupy its principal centers: Tripoli, Tunis, and Algiers. For the French, this constituted the beginning of the idea of occupying Algeria. The acquisition of commercial privileges in certain Algerian ports intensified the French desire to obtain additional positions and resources. France therefore sent exploratory missions and concluded agreements and treaties in periods of both war and peace. Once the country’s strategic importance became evident, the desire to possess this rich territory was confirmed. France then began to fabricate numerous pretexts, driven by several motives, and did not refrain from the occasional use of force. It launched several campaigns that, after political and military interventions, culminated in a successful naval landing and then occupation. This research paper examines the political backgrounds of French colonialism in Algeria. The occupation emerged as the inevitable outcome of numerous causes, although it was outwardly reduced to a single political cause. Yet anyone who follows the history of the European presence in the western Mediterranean, the internal developments experienced by the French government, and France’s external international position will see that the occupation represented a logical progression of events experienced by both states during that period.
Copyright (c) 2026 Haoua Henka (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Tunisian National Organizations and Their Role in Supporting the Algerian Revolution (1954–1962): A Study in Mechanisms of Popular Support
This study examines the role of Tunisian national organizations in supporting the Algerian Revolution during the period (1954–1962), analyzing the forms of popular support provided alongside the official backing of the Tunisian state. The study addresses the core problem of revealing the nature, mechanisms, and impact of this role in serving the Algerian Revolution, drawing upon French archival documents, Algerian and Tunisian primary sources, and oral testimonies. The findings demonstrate that Tunisian national organizations—headed by the General Union of Tunisian Students (UGET), the General Tunisian Labour Union (UGTT), women's organizations, and the Tunisian Scouts, in addition to professional associations—contributed to supporting the revolution through multifaceted mechanisms. These included political and media mobilization, defending the Algerian cause in regional and international forums, organizing Algerian students and workers, providing refugee relief, fundraising, and supplying headquarters, training, and material and logistical assistance, thereby enhancing the revolution's resilience and continuity. The study concludes that Tunisian national organizations constituted a fundamental pillar in the external support system of the Algerian Revolution, and that their contribution transcended mere moral solidarity to encompass impactful practical roles, as corroborated by French archival records that document colonial surveillance of these activities. Ultimately, understanding Tunisian support for the Algerian Revolution requires incorporating the vital roles of civil society and national organizations as a genuine manifestation of Maghrebi solidarity and an active force in sustaining the revolution until independence.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mostefa Bensilette (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Mechanisms and Methods of Mental Lexicon Formation and Acquisition in Arabic: A Theoretical and Applied Study
The mental lexicon constitutes a dynamic cognitive system through which lexical items are acquired, organized, stored, interconnected, and retrieved during language comprehension and production. This study examines the principal mechanisms and methods involved in the formation and acquisition of the Arabic mental lexicon from both theoretical and applied perspectives. It focuses on the phonological, morphological, syntactic, and semantic components that shape lexical knowledge and enable speakers to process and use Arabic vocabulary effectively. The study also considers the contribution of the Holy Quran, Arabic poetry, literary and linguistic texts, everyday language use, cultural interaction, formal education, and modern scientific disciplines to the expansion of learners’ lexical repertoires. Drawing on a descriptive and analytical approach, the article explains how auditory perception, morphological derivation, syntactic organization, semantic association, repetition, contextual exposure, and active language practice facilitate the storage and retrieval of lexical units. Particular attention is given to the distinctive derivational and structural properties of Arabic and their role in establishing connections among roots, patterns, meanings, and grammatical functions within the mind. The study argues that lexical acquisition is a continuous process extending from early childhood through the successive stages of education and intellectual development. It concludes that combining the Arabic linguistic heritage with insights from psycholinguistics, cognitive linguistics, neurolinguistics, computational linguistics, and language education can strengthen lexical competence. Such integration may contribute to developing learners who are linguistically proficient, cognitively flexible, and capable of employing Arabic creatively in traditional and contemporary contexts.
Copyright (c) 2026 Belkacem Ben Ziane (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Governance and Financial Performance in Algerian Private Banks: Panel Evidence from 2012–2024
This study examines the impact of corporate governance mechanisms on the financial performance of private banks in Algeria. It specifically investigates the effects of board size, board meeting frequency, and bank size on return on equity (ROE). The analysis is based on a balanced panel dataset covering a sample of Algerian private banks over the 2012–2024 period. Panel-data econometric techniques were employed, and the random-effects model was selected following the application of the relevant specification and model-selection tests. The findings demonstrate that governance mechanisms are significantly associated with the financial performance of private banks. Board size has a positive effect on ROE, suggesting that broader representation and more diverse expertise within boards may strengthen oversight, strategic decision-making, and managerial effectiveness. Bank size also exerts a positive effect, indicating that larger private banks may benefit from economies of scale, resource diversification, stronger operational capacity, and improved market positioning. Conversely, board meeting frequency has a negative effect on ROE. This result implies that holding more meetings does not necessarily improve bank performance and may instead reflect reactive governance, coordination difficulties, higher administrative costs, or inefficiencies in decision-making. The overall model is statistically significant, and the included governance variables explain a meaningful proportion of the variation in bank performance. The study recommends strengthening governance practices through the effective composition of boards, improving the quality and productivity of board meetings, developing internal control and risk-management systems, and supporting the sustainable growth of private banks. These measures can enhance profitability, institutional resilience, and competitiveness within the Algerian banking sector.
Copyright (c) 2026 Elmahdi Bakader ET. AL. (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Modern Technologies for Strengthening Water and Food Security: Insights from Leading International Experiences
Water scarcity, climate variability, population growth, environmental degradation, and rising food demand increasingly threaten the capacity of countries to secure reliable water supplies and sustainable food production. These interconnected challenges are particularly significant in arid and semi-arid regions, where agricultural activity depends heavily on limited and increasingly uncertain water resources. This study examines the role of modern technologies in strengthening water and food security through an analytical review of selected leading international experiences. It first clarifies the concepts of modern technology, water security, and food security and then analyzes technological applications that support the rational and sustainable management of water resources and agricultural development. The study employs a descriptive–analytical approach based on conceptual literature, documentary evidence, and comparative examination of international practices. The analysis covers weather-modification and drought-management technologies, wastewater treatment and reuse, seawater desalination, evaporation-control techniques, water-efficient irrigation, and other innovations designed to increase water availability or reduce water losses. The findings indicate that modern technologies can contribute substantially to water sustainability by diversifying supply, improving resource efficiency, enabling the reuse of non-conventional water sources, and strengthening agricultural resilience. Their contribution to food security arises primarily through more reliable irrigation, improved water productivity, reduced exposure to drought, and greater continuity of agricultural production. However, technology alone cannot ensure sustainable outcomes. Its effectiveness depends on institutional capacity, appropriate regulation, financing, technical expertise, maintenance, environmental assessment, and adaptation to local conditions. The study concludes that developing countries, particularly those in North Africa, should incorporate appropriate technologies into integrated water and agricultural policies while strengthening research capacity, regional cooperation, technology transfer, and human-resource development.
Copyright (c) 2026 Faiza Belabed et. al. (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Role of Digital Transformation in Enhancing the Quality of Higher Education in University Institutions: An Analytical and Empirical Study
Digital transformation has become a strategic priority for higher education institutions seeking to improve teaching effectiveness, academic assessment, learning outcomes, institutional governance, and access to educational services. This study examines the role of digital transformation in enhancing the quality of higher education, with particular emphasis on the perceptions of faculty members at the Faculty of Economic, Commercial and Management Sciences of the University of Algiers 3. It also evaluates the level of digital transformation adoption, explores its relationship with perceived educational quality, and determines whether faculty assessments differ according to selected demographic characteristics. The study employed a descriptive–analytical design and combined a review of the conceptual literature with an empirical investigation. Data were collected from faculty members using a structured questionnaire and analyzed with IBM SPSS Statistics, Version 27. Descriptive statistics were used to assess the principal study dimensions, while appropriate inferential procedures were employed to examine relationships between digital transformation and higher education quality and to test differences associated with gender and professional experience. The results indicate that digital transformation contributes positively to educational quality by strengthening academic interaction, facilitating access to learning resources, supporting assessment processes, and improving the efficiency and responsiveness of university services. The findings further demonstrate a statistically significant relationship between digital transformation and perceived higher education quality. In contrast, differences associated with the examined demographic variables were not substantial, suggesting broad agreement among faculty members concerning the educational importance of digitalization. The study concludes that effective digital transformation requires more than technological infrastructure; it also depends on institutional strategy, digital competence, organizational readiness, data governance, and continuous professional development. Universities should therefore adopt integrated digital policies aligned with academic objectives, quality standards, and the evolving needs of students and the labor market.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mansour Aissani et., al. (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effects of Field Training on Student Teachers’ Psychosocial Well-Being During the Teaching Practicum
Field training constitutes a critical component of initial teacher education because it enables student teachers to translate theoretical knowledge into professional practice within authentic classroom environments. Nevertheless, the practicum also represents a psychologically and socially demanding transition in which student teachers must simultaneously manage instructional responsibilities, classroom interactions, supervisory expectations, and formal assessment. This study examines the effects of field training on the psychosocial well-being of student teachers during the practicum period. It specifically investigates the principal psychological and social pressures experienced by student teachers, the factors that facilitate successful adjustment, and the roles of teacher education institutions, school mentors, and academic supervisors in promoting professional and emotional well-being. The study employs a theoretical and analytical approach based on a critical synthesis of relevant educational and psychological literature. The analysis indicates that field training can strengthen professional identity, self-confidence, teaching self-efficacy, communication skills, social competence, and readiness for employment. However, inadequate supervision, limited experience, classroom management difficulties, performance anxiety, intensive evaluation, role ambiguity, and discrepancies between theoretical preparation and school realities may generate considerable psychological stress. The findings further suggest that the psychosocial outcomes of the practicum depend substantially on the quality of mentoring, institutional support, constructive feedback, collegial relationships, and opportunities for guided reflection. Supportive training environments allow student teachers to interpret challenges as opportunities for professional growth, whereas poorly structured placements may undermine emotional balance and professional adjustment. The study concludes that practicum programs should integrate systematic psychological support, mentor preparation, collaborative supervision, and formative assessment. Coordinated action among universities, placement schools, mentors, and supervisors is therefore essential for developing professionally competent, socially adjusted, and psychologically resilient future teachers.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abdelhak Lebouazda (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
An Investigation into the Attribution to Imam Malik of the View That the Minimum Number Denoted by the Plural Is Two or Three: A Critical Study
The question of the minimum number denoted by the plural is a fundamental linguistic issue with significant jurisprudential implications for interpreting the legal texts of the Qur’an and Sunnah. It concerns whether the meaning of a plural form is realized by two or more entities or requires at least three. Muslim legal theorists and jurists have differed on this matter, basing their positions on linguistic usage, scriptural evidence, and principles of Islamic jurisprudence. The practical consequences of this disagreement appear in several areas of Islamic law, including oaths, vows, wills, and prescribed legal rulings.This study examines the views attributed to Imam Malik by non-Maliki scholars concerning the minimum number denoted by a plural form. It seeks to determine whether such attributions are supported by an explicit statement from Imam Malik and to identify the most probable and accurate position among the opinions transmitted from him. To achieve this objective, the study adopts a critical and analytical approach, examining relevant statements in the works of legal theorists and comparing them with authoritative sources of the Maliki school. It also analyzes Imam Malik’s jurisprudential applications from which later scholars inferred his position. The study concludes that no explicit and authentic statement from Imam Malik has been established in which he directly specifies the minimum number denoted by the plural. Instead, the positions attributed to him were inferred from his jurisprudential applications and from the interpretations of later scholars. After examining the relevant evidence and Maliki sources, the study finds that the most probable view attributable to Imam Malik is that the minimum number denoted by the plural is three. The study further emphasizes the importance of consulting the authoritative sources of a legal school before definitively attributing a doctrinal position to its founding imam.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohamed Salah Bellabaci (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Integrating Digital Transformation and Risk Management: Comparative Evidence from Saudi Arabia’s Energy, Industrial, and Telecommunications Sectors
Digital transformation is reshaping risk management by enabling organizations to move from reactive responses toward proactive, data-driven, and predictive decision-making. This study examines how digital transformation has contributed to the development of risk-management methodologies in three major Saudi companies operating in distinct sectors: Saudi Aramco in energy, SABIC in industry, and stc in telecommunications. The research employs a descriptive-analytical design for the theoretical component and a comparative multiple-case-study approach for the empirical component. Publicly available company materials and relevant secondary sources relating to the 2024 reporting period are analyzed to identify shared strategic objectives, sector-specific risk profiles, digital technologies, and implementation patterns. The findings indicate that all three companies seek to improve risk anticipation, operational resilience, business continuity, and decision quality. However, the technologies prioritized by each organization vary according to its principal vulnerabilities and operating environment. The analysis further suggests that successful integration is not determined solely by technological sophistication or investment scale. Its effectiveness depends more fundamentally on the alignment of digital capabilities with material risk exposures, governance arrangements, organizational processes, and data quality. Artificial intelligence, automation, advanced analytics, and digital monitoring generate value when embedded within a coherent risk-governance framework. The study concludes that organizations should prioritize high-impact vulnerabilities, strengthen data governance, establish clear accountability, and evaluate digital solutions according to measurable risk outcomes. These findings provide a sector-sensitive framework for organizations seeking to develop predictive and resilient risk-management systems.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nabila Makhlouf et. al. (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Rebuilding Cabo Delgado: Ethics, Peace, and Sustainable Economic Development as Pillars of Social Transformation-A Literature review
Since 2017, the province of Cabo Delgado in northern Mozambique has been experiencing one of the most complex crises in the Southern African region, characterized by armed violence, mass population displacement, and the erosion of social, economic, and institutional structures. Based on a review of different scientific, empirical sources including the government, multilateral, and civil society documents, this article analyzes the challenges and opportunities for the province's reconstruction in light of three interdependent thematic axes: ethics and education for human capital development; peace and security for social reconciliation and community development; and public administration for sustainable economic development. It discusses how programs such as the Cabo Delgado Reconstruction Plan, the Northern Integrated Development and Resilience Program (PREDIN), and the operations of the Northern Integrated Development Agency (ADIN) coordinate the humanitarian assistance, stabilization, and development. The results suggest that sustainable reconstruction requires an integrated approach combining investment in human capital, the consolidation of positive peace, and economic diversification anchored in local communities empowerment, while avoiding excessive reliance on the extractive industry. The article concludes with practical recommendations for policymakers, cooperation partners, and community stakeholders aimed at achieving lasting social transformation in Cabo Delgado.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dilia Isac Wanela- Isaque M. Joaquim- Cremildo Ozove (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of a Modified Educational Sports Program on Improving Motor Skills in Students with Motor Difficulties
This study examined the effectiveness of a modified educational sports program in improving selected motor skills, specifically dynamic balance and reaction time, among primary school students with motor difficulties. A quasi-experimental design with a pre-test/post-test control group was adopted. The sample consisted of fourteen male students aged 7–8 years, purposively selected from a primary school in Djelfa (Algeria) and randomly assigned into two equal groups: an experimental group (n = 7) that participated in a structured modified physical education program over seven weeks (two sessions per week; 14 sessions in total), and a control group (n = 7) that continued with traditional physical education activities. Dynamic balance was assessed with a 6-m beam-walking test and reaction time with the Nelson hand reaction test. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and independent and paired samples t-tests (p < .05). The results revealed statistically significant improvements in both balance and reaction time in favor of the experimental group, whereas no significant changes were observed in the control group. These findings are consistent with contemporary meta-analytic evidence showing that structured, task-oriented motor interventions produce meaningful gains in children with motor coordination difficulties, and they underline the importance of individualized, progressively designed adapted physical education in inclusive school settings.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ahmed Hezloun- Khaled Djaballah- Elamine Dechaicha (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Scientific Importance of Feedback in Improving Tactical Aspects in Players: An Experimental Study on the Mouloudia Bouira Club
This study aimed to identify the role of feedback in improving the performance of selected tactical skills among soccer players. A one-group pre-test/post-test experimental procedure was applied to a sample of 30 players randomly selected from the Mouloudia Bouira club. Four basic tactical skill domains were assessed before and after the feedback-based training period: knowledge of ball movements, behavior in changing situations, knowledge of others (teammates and opponents), and positioning and decision-making. Immediate auditory and visual feedback was systematically provided during training, and video-based review was used to support error correction. The results showed statistically significant differences between the pre- and post-tests in favor of the post-test for all four tactical domains (calculated t-values of 35.67, 22.64, 34.64, and 21.45, respectively; p < .05), indicating that systematic feedback led to a marked improvement in tactical skill performance. These findings are consistent with contemporary motor learning research demonstrating that augmented feedback—particularly immediate, informative feedback supported by video technology—accelerates the acquisition of complex sport skills. The study recommends activating video technology in tactical preparation, developing integrated programs for comprehensive player preparation, and using varied feedback techniques to correct errors and deficiencies in tactical training.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ibrahim Hamani et. al. (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Scientific Approach to Mental Preparation in Team Sports to Deal with Anxiety
This study aimed to determine the impact of anxiety on the performance of youth football players during sports competitions and to examine the role of mental preparation in dealing with it. The descriptive-analytical method was employed, as dictated by the nature of the subject. The study population comprised the youth (cubs) category football teams of the Regional Division in the province of Bouira, Algeria; from four clubs, a randomly selected sample of 10 coaches and 80 players completed structured questionnaires containing closed, semi-closed, and open questions, and responses were analyzed using percentages and the chi-square (χ²) test. The results showed that the majority of players receive advice from their coaches, that such guidance plays a substantial role in players' willingness to train, and that good psychological preparation is reflected positively in players' on-field performance; conversely, neglect of psychological preparation, pressure from opposing fans, and the perceived importance of the competition were associated with declines in performance. These findings are consistent with contemporary sport psychology evidence that cognitive anxiety impairs attentional control and performance and that competitive anxiety in young athletes is shaped by situational and social factors. The study recommends focusing on the psychological preparation of players—particularly in youth categories—including psychologists within teams' technical staffs, and strengthening coaches' guidance role in training so that it serves official competition.
Copyright (c) 2026 Smail Arezki et. al. (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Educational and Social Integration of People with Special Needs After Doing Therapeutic Exercises
This study aimed to examine the relationship between sport participation and the resolution of psychological and social problems among people with special needs, specifically individuals with physical (motor) disabilities. It was hypothesized that sport plays an effective and positive role in addressing some of these problems. The descriptive method was employed, and the research sample consisted of 15 randomly selected educators working with individuals with physical disabilities in the province of Setif, Algeria. A questionnaire was used to identify the extent of the effectiveness of sport in the psychological and social improvement of this group, and the responses were analyzed with percentages and the chi-square (χ²) test. The results showed that the great majority of educators agree that practicing therapeutic and adapted physical exercise raises the morale of individuals with physical disabilities (86.66%; χ² = 8.06 > 3.84; p < .05), increases their courage, self-confidence, and psychological well-being, reduces aggression, fear, shyness, and depressive affect, alleviates social isolation, and facilitates integration into the group and the development of a spirit of cooperation. These findings are consistent with international evidence that physical activity participation yields substantial psychosocial benefits for people with disabilities and constitutes a key vehicle of social inclusion. The study recommends providing the necessary adapted equipment, integrating individuals with disabilities into community activities, and raising family and public awareness of the importance of adapted sport.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mahdi Mohammedi et. al. (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Risk Assessment of Manganese and Heavy Metal Contamination in Surface and Spring Waters of Chiatura Municipality, Georgia: An Integrated Environmental Monitoring Study (2024–2026)
Chiatura Municipality, located in the Imereti region of Georgia, represents one of the country's most environmentally vulnerable mining areas due to more than a century of intensive manganese extraction and ore-processing activities. This study evaluates the contamination risks associated with manganese and selected heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Ni, and Co) in the Kvirila River and adjacent spring waters during the period 2024–2026. Water, suspended solids, and bottom sediment samples were collected from both background and mining-affected locations and analyzed using modern analytical methods that comply with European environmental monitoring standards. The concentrations of total manganese and heavy metals were determined, and contamination levels were assessed through comparison with maximum permissible concentrations and hazard quotient (HQ) indices. The results indicate that manganese is the principal contaminant affecting the aquatic environment. Although the concentrations of Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Ni, and Co remained below their respective regulatory limits, manganese concentrations in the Kvirila River exceeded acceptable risk thresholds (HQsw > 1), indicating potential environmental and ecological risks. In contrast, manganese levels in spring waters remained below the hazard threshold (HQdw < 1), suggesting no significant health risk for groundwater resources. Elevated manganese concentrations were also detected in river suspended solids and bottom sediments, confirming long-term accumulation associated with mining activities. The findings provide valuable scientific evidence for environmental monitoring and sustainable water resource management in mining-affected regions.
Chiatura Municipality; Kvirila River; manganese; heavy metals; surface water; spring water; environmental pollution; hazard quotient; mining activities; environmental risk assessment.
Copyright (c) 2026 Lali Shavliashvili- Eka Shubladze- Giorgi Kuchava- Givi Gavardashvili- Zura Rikadze (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Treatment of Social Issues in Algerian Private Television Programs: A Content Analysis
This study examines how Algerian private television channels address social issues through their television programs by analyzing both the form and content of selected broadcasts. It seeks to identify the major social problems presented, examine the objectives pursued by these programs in addressing such issues, identify the actors involved, and explore the social and ethical values promoted through media discourse. Using the content analysis method, the study focuses on two well-known Algerian television programs, Red Line and Behind the Walls. The findings reveal that family disintegration was the most frequently addressed issue, accounting for 34.61% of the content in Red Line and 32.14% in Behind the Walls. The results also indicate that the primary objective of these programs is to raise public awareness about social problems and encourage society to recognize their causes and consequences. Furthermore, the analysis demonstrates that both programs promote positive social and moral values, representing 18.34% of the content in Red Line and 53.84% in Behind the Walls. The study concludes that Algerian private television channels play an important role in highlighting social challenges, encouraging public discussion, and contributing to social awareness and community development.
Algerian private television; social issues; content analysis; television programs; social awareness; media communication.
Copyright (c) 2026 Barket Fatima Zohra- Ouhaibia Fatiha (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Reconceptualizing Didactics as a Scientific Discipline: Theoretical Foundations, Conceptual Evolution, and Contemporary Perspectives for Twenty-First Century Education
Didactics has evolved from being regarded primarily as the art of teaching into a multidisciplinary scientific discipline concerned with the systematic investigation of the relationships among knowledge, teaching, learning, and educational contexts. Despite its growing importance within educational research, conceptual inconsistencies across different academic traditions continue to hinder the establishment of a unified theoretical framework. While Continental European scholarship recognizes didactics as an autonomous scientific discipline, Anglo-American educational literature frequently associates its concepts with pedagogy, curriculum studies, or instructional methodology, resulting in fragmented theoretical interpretations.This study aims to reconceptualize didactics by synthesizing its principal theoretical foundations and proposing an integrated conceptual framework suitable for contemporary educational research and practice. Employing a conceptual research design based on critical literature analysis and theoretical synthesis, the study examines major didactic traditions, including constructivism, sociocultural theory, didactic transposition, the Theory of Didactical Situations, the Anthropological Theory of the Didactic, Joint Action Theory in Didactics, and Pedagogical Content Knowledge. These complementary perspectives are analyzed to identify their common principles and contributions to understanding educational processes.Based on this synthesis, the article develops a comprehensive conceptual model consisting of four interdependent dimensions: knowledge transformation, teaching mediation, learning processes, and educational context. The proposed framework demonstrates that didactics should be understood as a scientific discipline integrating cognitive, social, disciplinary, institutional, and technological dimensions of education rather than merely a collection of instructional techniques.The study further discusses the implications of this integrated perspective for curriculum development, teacher professional education, competency-based learning, digital pedagogy, and the educational applications of artificial intelligence. By clarifying the epistemological foundations of didactics and presenting a coherent conceptual framework, the article contributes to strengthening the scientific identity of didactics and provides a theoretical basis for future interdisciplinary research in educational sciences.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abdelkader Makhlouf- Sabah Dali (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Algeria's National Grain Plan 2026: Strategic Priorities, Quantitative Targets, and Logistical Constraints in Advancing Food Security and Reducing Import Dependency
Ensuring food security has become one of Algeria's foremost strategic priorities amid increasing climate uncertainty, demographic growth, and persistent volatility in global agricultural markets. In response, the National Grain Plan 2026 has been introduced as a comprehensive policy framework aimed at enhancing domestic cereal production, reducing dependence on imports, and improving the resilience of the national food system. This study critically examines the strategic objectives, quantitative production targets, and logistical dimensions of the National Grain Plan 2026. It evaluates the effectiveness of proposed interventions, including the expansion of cultivated land, the adoption of climate-resilient crop varieties, the modernization of irrigation systems, precision agriculture technologies, and the digitalization of agricultural supply chains. Particular attention is devoted to the structural challenges affecting grain storage capacity, inland transportation networks, port logistics, and post-harvest management, all of which significantly influence the efficiency and sustainability of cereal production. The research further explores the institutional, financial, and governance mechanisms required to ensure the successful implementation of the plan. It highlights the importance of sustainable agricultural financing, targeted support for farmers, regulatory reforms, and stronger public-private partnerships capable of mobilizing investments in agricultural infrastructure and logistics. The findings suggest that achieving the objectives of Algeria's National Grain Plan 2026 requires more than increasing agricultural output. Sustainable success depends on the development of an integrated food security system that combines technological innovation, efficient logistics, institutional coordination, climate adaptation, and long-term policy continuity. Strengthening these interconnected dimensions is essential for reducing import dependency, improving national food sovereignty, and promoting inclusive and sustainable economic development.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abdelnour Eschouf- Meroua Nasri (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Following Social Media Influencers and Its Impact on Marital Satisfaction among Algerian Women; A Statistical empirical Study on a Sample of Algerian Women.
The purpose of this study is to measure the effect of following social media influencers on marital satisfaction among Algeri-an women, based on a study sample of 541 participants. Infer-ential data analysis was done using the statistical software SPSS at 0.05 significance level. Results show a very weak effect of following influencers on marital satisfaction among Algerian women as evidenced by a coefficient of determination estimated at 0.1%. However, the regression coefficient (slope) estimated at –0.029 is weak but negative, indicating that for each one unit increase in following influencers, marital satis-faction decreases by 2.9%. This inverse relationship allows for the prediction of the phenomenon. This indicates that any future increase in following influencers is likely to reduce marital satisfaction among Algerian women. The study also shows the presence of a very strong correlation between the educational level of Algerian women and their following of influencers according to Spearman’s correlation coefficient estimated at –0.222. The regression coefficient (slope) was estimated at –0.209, indicating that a one-unit increase in the educational level is associated with a 20.9% decrease in fol-lowing influencers and being influenced by them. Further-more, the results show that the Algerian women in the sample studied tend to follow and are influenced by influencers who present the model of the successful woman, followed by influ-encers who give advice and guidance, while influencers whose content is centered around daily life and cooking come last.
social media influencers, marital satisfaction, Algerian women.
Copyright (c) 2026 Saber Beggour- Fatima Hemal (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A General Training Perspective on Shoulder Joint Injuries and Their Impact on the Performance of Handball Players,
Abstract The present study investigates shoulder joint injuries among handball players and examines their influence on athletic performance from a sports training perspective. Shoulder injuries represent one of the most frequent musculoskeletal problems in handball due to the repetitive overhead movements, physical contact, and high-intensity demands of the sport. The research aimed to identify the most common shoulder injuries experienced by handball players, evaluate the role of physical preparation and warm-up in injury prevention, and determine how these injuries affect technical and physical performance. A descriptive-analytical research design was adopted, and data were collected through a structured questionnaire administered to senior handball players from clubs in Bouira Province, Algeria. The questionnaire focused on three principal dimensions: physical preparation, warm-up practices, and relaxation techniques. The findings indicate that inadequate physical conditioning and insufficient warm-up significantly increase the risk of shoulder injuries, leading to reduced athletic performance. Conversely, appropriate physical training, scientifically planned conditioning programs, and effective warm-up and recovery strategies contribute substantially to injury prevention and performance enhancement. The study concludes that strengthening the shoulder joint musculature and ligaments through evidence-based training methods should be an essential component of handball preparation programs. Implementing preventive training strategies can improve player health, minimize injury occurrence, and optimize long-term athletic performance.
Handball, Shoulder Joint Injury, Sports Training, Athletic Performance, Injury Prevention, Physical Preparation
Copyright (c) 2026 AIT TAHAR YOUNES- HADDACHE ABDELLAH- MOHAMMEDI MAHDI- AREZKI SMAIL- HAMANI IBRAHIM- MANSOURI NABIL- BOUHADJ MEZIANE- DAHMANI DJAMEL (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Product Warranty Between the Mandatory Force of Legal Provisions and Reluctance to Enforce Them
Abstract Consumer protection has become a fundamental objective of modern legal systems due to rapid technological progress, expanding international trade, and the growth of electronic commerce. One of the principal mechanisms for ensuring consumer protection is the statutory product warranty, which obliges economic operators to repair, replace, or refund defective products within a legally prescribed warranty period. Algerian legislation, particularly Law No. 09-03 on Consumer Protection and Fraud Control, establishes mandatory warranty obligations and provides both civil and criminal sanctions for non-compliance. Nevertheless, practical enforcement remains problematic, as many manufacturers, importers, distributors, and retailers continue to evade their legal responsibilities. This study examines the legal framework governing product warranties in Algeria and analyzes the gap between mandatory legal provisions and their practical implementation. Using descriptive and analytical research methods, the paper explores the legal concept of statutory warranty, its conditions, methods of proof, and the principal reasons for operators' reluctance to comply with warranty obligations. Particular attention is given to the challenges posed by electronic commerce and the difficulties consumers face in enforcing their rights. The study concludes by proposing legislative and administrative reforms aimed at strengthening consumer protection, improving regulatory enforcement, increasing market supervision, and enhancing the effectiveness of warranty mechanisms in the Algerian legal system.
Product warranty; consumer protection; economic operator; warranty implementation; consumer rights; legal liability; fraud control; electronic commerce; Algeria; commercial law.
Copyright (c) 2026 Badreddine Fenniche (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Role of Strategic Vigilance and Its Contributions to Organizational Decision-Making
Abstract The accelerating pace of technological innovation, globalization, and market competition has transformed the operating environment of contemporary organizations, making access to timely and reliable information a critical determinant of organizational success. In this context, strategic vigilance has emerged as an essential managerial approach that enables organizations to monitor environmental developments, identify opportunities, anticipate threats, and support effective decision-making. This study examines the role of strategic vigilance in improving organizational decision-making by analyzing its conceptual foundations, dimensions, and practical contributions within economic organizations. Employing a descriptive and analytical approach, the study reviews the theoretical literature on strategic vigilance and explores its function as an integrated information system for collecting, processing, analyzing, and disseminating strategic information to decision-makers. The findings indicate that strategic vigilance enhances organizational responsiveness by reducing uncertainty, strengthening competitive intelligence, facilitating strategic planning, and enabling organizations to anticipate environmental changes before they occur. Furthermore, the study demonstrates that effective strategic vigilance contributes to risk reduction, innovation, sustainable competitive advantage, and improved organizational performance through evidence-based managerial decisions. The research concludes that organizations operating in highly dynamic environments should institutionalize strategic vigilance as a continuous strategic process rather than a temporary managerial activity.
strategic vigilance; organizational decision-making; competitive intelligence; strategic management; environmental scanning; information systems.
Copyright (c) 2026 Amal Sultan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Linguistic Issues in the Noble Prophetic Hadith through Ibn Malik's Shawahid al-Tawdih wa al-Tashih li-Mushkilat al-Jami' al-Sahih: A Descriptive and Analytical Study
Abstract This study examines the linguistic issues discussed in Ibn Malik's Shawahid al-Tawdih wa al-Tashih li-Mushkilat al-Jami' al-Sahih through a descriptive and analytical approach, highlighting the role of the Noble Prophetic Hadith as a linguistic authority in Arabic grammatical scholarship. The research explores Ibn Malik's methodology in employing authentic Prophetic traditions to explain phonological, morphological, syntactic, and semantic phenomena, thereby demonstrating his contribution to expanding the evidential foundations of Arabic grammar beyond the Qur'an and classical Arabic poetry. The study also revisits the historical debate among early grammarians concerning the legitimacy of citing Hadith as linguistic evidence, emphasizing Ibn Malik's position as one of the foremost scholars who defended its linguistic authenticity and analytical value. Through selected examples from his work, the research illustrates how Ibn Malik addressed grammatical ambiguities, corrected linguistic misconceptions, and reinforced existing grammatical principles by relying on authenticated Hadith texts alongside the speech of the Arabs and the sayings of the Companions. The findings indicate that Ibn Malik's work represents a significant milestone in Arabic linguistic thought, offering a systematic framework for integrating Prophetic Hadith into grammatical analysis. Consequently, Shawahid al-Tawdih wa al-Tashih remains an indispensable reference for researchers interested in Arabic linguistics, Hadith studies, and the historical development of Arabic grammatical theory.
Prophetic Hadith; Ibn Malik; Arabic linguistics; grammatical evidence; linguistic analysis; Arabic grammar.
Copyright (c) 2026 Gadi Messaoud- Messaouda Merad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Development of Social Domain And Curiosity About The Social World Scales in Early Childhood: Teacher And Child Forms
This study developed two complementary instruments to assess the social domain in preschool children using two distinct sources of information. The Social Domain Scale Teacher Form measures classroom social behaviors based on teacher observation. The Curiosity about the Social World Scale Child Form measures children's curiosity about people, rules, occupations, and social differences through children's own responses. Data were collected from 500 preschool children aged 48 to 72 months. Six experts reviewed the item pools, and Item-CVI and Scale-CVI values were calculated following Davis (1992) and Polit and Beck (2006). For the teacher form, the sample was randomly split into EFA (n = 250) and CFA (n = 250) subsamples. The teacher form converged on 17 items across three factors. The child form converged on 14 items across four factors. Both forms showed acceptable fit in CFA (teacher form: CFI = 1.000, RMSEA = .000, SRMR = .034; child form: CFI = 1.000, RMSEA = .000, SRMR = .037). Cronbach's alpha for the total scales was .85 and .76, and McDonald's omega was .91 and .87, respectively. Test-retest reliability was assessed over a three-week interval with a subsample of 80 children and their teachers; correlations ranged from .78 to .89 for the teacher form and from .80 to .88 for the child form. The correlation between the two total scores was r = .32. The subscale correlation pattern is consistent with the interpretation that the two instruments measure related but distinct constructs.
Scale development, social domain, social curiosity, preschool social studies, multi-informant assessment.
Copyright (c) 2025 Şükran Uçuş Güldalı (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0